Txoj kev loj hlob keeb kwm ntawm pob zeb

Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau pom tias 5,000 xyoo dhau los Lingjiatan cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis yog tsuas yog tuaj yeem ua cov cuab yeej pob zeb zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj tau pib ua liaj ua teb, yug lossis tua npua, mos lwj, noog thiab lwm yam tsiaj muaj zaub mov noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, lawv tau kawm txog cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho zoo ib yam li cov pob zeb uas muaj zog: "kev khawb thiab sau lub ntiaj teb, cov pob txha ntoo thiab cov av nkos". 5,000 xyoo dhau los, cov neeg Lingjiatan tsis yog ua tsev xwb. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias cov neeg Lingjiatan nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd paub txog kev tsim kho ntawm "kev khawb trenches, sau thiab hlawv lub ntiaj teb, thiab txhawb cov av nkos phab ntsa nrog cov pob txha ntoo", uas zoo ib yam li niaj hnub no cov pob zeb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau hais tias thawj cov poj koob yawm txwv siv cov av hlawv ua cov khoom ntim rau lub hauv paus zawj thiab cov phab ntsa, siv cov ntoo ua cov kab txhawb nqa ntawm phab ntsa hauv qhov zawj, thiab tom qab ntawd sau cov av braised blocks, thiab siv cov av nplaum tuab. nyob rau saum npoo ntawm ob sab ntawm phab ntsa, thiab txawm tias qee qhov yuav ntxiv dag zog nrog cov pas nrig. Xyoo 1900, Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees tau qhia txog kev siv cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Xyoo 1867, tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Fab Kis Aynabic pom Monir lub paj POTS, tubs, thiab dej tso tsheb hlau luam ua los ntawm qaib hlau thiab pob zeb ntawm Paris Exposition, thiab tau txais kev tshoov siab los sim siv cov khoom no rau kev tsim vaj tsev. Nyob rau hauv 1879, nws pib tsim cov pob zeb ua vaj tse, uas tom qab ntawd tsim rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev uas siv cov pob zeb ua cov kab hluav taws xob ntxiv los ntawm steel hoops thiab longitudinal rods. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau tsim ib lub tsev nyob hauv Paris nrog kev txhim kho cov pob zeb tseem ceeb, kab teeb thiab cov plag tsev uas tseem siv tau niaj hnub no. Xyoo 1884, lub tuam txhab tsim kho German tau yuav Monier's patent thiab ua tiav thawj qhov kev sim ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, kawm txog lub zog thiab hluav taws kub ntawm cov pob zeb. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm steel tuav thiab pob zeb. Xyoo 1887, German engineer Kolen thawj zaug luam tawm cov txheej txheem suav ntawm cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog; Tus txiv neej Askiv Wilson patented lub pob zeb ua pob zeb; American Hyatt tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm cov kab teeb ci. Los ntawm 1895 mus rau 1900, thawj Choj thiab txoj kev taug kev tau tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis siv cov pob zeb ntxiv. Xyoo 1918, Abrams tau luam tawm lub npe nrov dej-cement piv txoj kev xav rau kev suav lub zog ntawm pob zeb. Cov pob zeb uas muaj zog tau pib los ua ib yam khoom tseem ceeb uas hloov cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Pob zeb tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub, thiab cov khoom siv cementing siv yog av nplaum, txiv qaub, gypsum, volcanic tshauv thiab lwm yam. Txij li thaum cov tsos ntawm Portland cement nyob rau hauv 1820s, cov pob zeb npaj nrog nws muaj lub zog thiab durability yuav tsum tau los ntawm qhov project, thiab cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom yog yooj yim kom tau, tus nqi yog tsawg, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub zog noj tsawg, yog li nws yog dav siv (saib cov ntaub ntawv inorganic cementing). Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qee cov neeg tau luam tawm cov dej-cement piv thiab lwm yam kev xav, uas tau pib ua lub hauv paus theoretical ntawm pob zeb muaj zog. Tom qab ntawd, lub teeb aggregate pob zeb, aerated qhob thiab lwm yam pob zeb tau tshwm sim, thiab ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke kuj tau pib siv. Txij li thaum xyoo 1960, cov dej txo cov neeg ua haujlwm tau siv dav, thiab cov dej ua haujlwm siab txo cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov kua dej sib xyaw ua ke tau tshwm sim. Cov ntaub ntawv polymer nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv pob zeb, cov pob zeb polymer tshwm; Muaj ntau hom fibers yog siv los disperse reinforced fiber ntau pob zeb. Kev sim tshuab niaj hnub no kuj tau siv ntau ntxiv hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom siv science.
Raws li lub Plaub Hlis 2023, ntau tshaj 4 billion tons ntawm pob zeb tau tsim txhua xyoo thoob ntiaj teb.